Social Construction in Human Geography

Social Construction in Human Geography Social construction in its purest form is not defined easily, the by the book definition from dictionary.com is â€Å"a social mechanism, phenomenon, or category created and developed by society; apperception of an individual, group, or idea that is constructed through cultural or social practice.† Social construction in layman’s terms is the foundation for everything everywhere you encounter in life. When a person is born and slowly learns the world surrounding them everything from what gender they are to what race they are is formed by society through social construct. Social construction is a concept that is completely created by humans, it is rather easy to make the connection why it would be such a predominant part of human geography. Since Social construction is covers such a wide array of areas, I am going to focus specifically on why it is important in human geography, and how time and space are socially constructed. Human geography, to put it simply is the study of humans. When humans come together they can form a Culture which is defined as â€Å"shared patterns of learned behavior, attitudes, and knowledge† (Human Geography 113). Culture continues to be a main factor of both human geography and social construction by being formed and created by society. Culture consists of single qualities known as culture traits. Culture traits are behaviors that are thought of and done as a normality by one region or more but not as the rest of the world. An example of a culture trait could be wearing a jersey to a sporting event, which is also seen as a result of social construct because society is the sole creator of the tradition such that should wear jerseys to sporting events. Culture is only the start of Social construction as people in these first cultures move to other regions different culture traits are developed leading to culture realms. Culture region are where society has created some of the same traits in surrounding areas, while also having differing traits of their own. An example is â€Å"In the United States, a region such as New England could be defined as the area in which many people root for the Red Sox, pronounce chowder â€Å"chowda,† and use the word wicked as an adjective for something extreme, as in â€Å"it’s wicked cold out there!†(Human Geography 113). The connection between social construction and culture was so obvious to me because neither one are limited to anything specific. The entire makeup of a person being from certain region could be created dramatically from his/her culture. All of those traits that create culture that has shaped said person is created through social construction, such as variations to language, traditions, and actions that are thought to be the norm. Since social construction is involved in all aspects of humans understanding the world around them it is easy to see why social construction is import ant to human geography. Time, how is the concept socially constructed? Social construction being â€Å"a social mechanism, phenomenon, or category created and developed by society† (Dictionary.com). The entire concept of time is created through a social mechanism by society. Time is measured in seconds, minutes, and hours, but before there were regulations placed on time society like everything else had created their own view on time. â€Å"The U.S. national time standard, for instance, didn’t emerge until 1883, when it was adopted by the railroads, which needed to maintain common timetables. Before that, cities largely kept their own local time, and many were not happy to have big government and big railroads force standardization on them. â€Å"Let the people of Cincinnati stick to the truth as it is written by the sun, moon and stars,† editorialized one newspaper when the changeover was going into effect† (Smithsonian). If time had not become regulated the differences could be substantial. There are differences in the social construct as far as culturally as well if you think in the terms of how long a work day or week would be. The United States, we think of 8 hours a day typically that is not the standard in other countries. In lecture we talked of vacation time which could also be created by society in the United States the normality is minimal, which is the opposite in much of the rest of the world. Another thought that is created by social construction is idea of being early, on time, and being late. That was created by society how do you decide if a person is on time, or early, or late. Social construction is very versatile especially in regards to the process from when humans are first born to developing cultures and venturing further to social construction of space. The social construction of space covers a vast amount of topics, the textbook defines the term as â€Å"this is the idea that society shapes the spatial nature of our world. How is the cultural landscape of your community reflective of the valves of your community† (Human Geography 125). SO I take that definition that like the other aspects of social construction, humans if moving into a new area that has not already had a community developed on it, and then humans will shape the area with cities filled with structures that are unique to the culture of people taking the land. If humans take over land that has already been developed, the people taking over will make changes to shape it and make it their own something that would represent their culture well. Once on the land society can split the land according to ideology and/or power and example â€Å"many communities in the American south have great geographic disparities between where the whites live and where blacks live.†(Human Geography 125). Southern culture have adopted that ideology. Social Construction â€Å"a social mechanism, phenomenon, or category created and developed by society; apperception of an individual, group, or idea that is constructed through cultural or social practice† (Dictionary.com). Social construction covering such an array of things it is easy to see how it is such a major party of human geography. If through humans from the beginning of their lives until they create culture and ideology where they live by, all of these things are formed by society using social construction. All of those elements also are part of human geography. Humans would be lost without the social construction. Work Cited Essay 1: Social Construct.Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/social+construct>. Why Time Is a Social Construct.Smithsonian. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/why-time-is-a-social-construct-164139110/?no-ist>. Environmental determinism â€Å"the controversial idea, popular in early twentieth century and largely discredited today, that climate or other physical qualities of an area dictate the culture of the people who live there† (Human Geography G-3). Essentially environmental determinism is that land and climate decided how cultures would act and how their societies would become form. As stated in the definition the idea is not as big in today’s society but in the past was thought of as the absolute truth. Environmental determinism rises and falls like many things through history it is close to the opposite of social construction where society shapes what things. To go more in depth about environmental determinism I am going to focus on covering the development of environmental determinism, who was arguing for it, what values it reflected, the obvious issues with environmental determinist thought, and the downfall of environmental determinism. Even though environmental determinism is rather a new getting popular in early twentieth century, parts of the theory actually dates back to late classical era. â€Å"Climatic factors for example were used by Strabo, Plato, and Aristotle to explain why the Greeks were so much more developed in the early ages than societies in hotter and colder climates. Additionally, Aristotle came up with hisclimate classification systemto explain why people were limited to settlement in certain areas of the globe.† (About.com). Aristotle may have been taking the theory in the simplest terms but it definitely relates to the theory of environmental determinism in its final form. Many scholars early on used environmental determinism there were a few that believed that society or surrounding areas/climates were the result of different skin tones such as Ibn Khaldun, speaking of Africa’s hot climate being the source of the darker skin pigment. (About.com). which is a pretty good hypothesis considering he was alive during the 14th century.

Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger Essay

There are many examples in the Catcher in the Rye, that show Holden’s hate toward the idea of losing innocence. Holden mentions a lot about children, his love for them and how he wants to save their innocence. He seems to relate more to people younger than him, whether they are male of female. He cares about them so much, becuase they haven’t lost their innocence, unlike adults who are all â€Å"phonies.† There are three main things he does and talks about, that shows his concern. His fascination to save innocence, erasing profanity, and Allie’s baseball glove. The first thing he constantly mentions is the loss of innocence. Holden seems to gravitate toward children; he shows them respect more then anyone else. He backs this up by mentioning how childrem are not phonies. Whenever he is around children he seems to curse less, and he has a nicer attitude toward them, rather than complaining. â€Å"Thousands of little kids and nobody’s around – nobody big, I mean except me. Ans what I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff. I’d just be the catcher in the rye and all† (Salinger 173) He is more worried about the children and their innocence, then worrying about himself and school. The second things hes does is erasing the profanity that was written in the school’s walls. He hated the ides of children seeing it and reading the swear words that were being written on the walls. He has a feeling that children would lose their innocence and more or less have the mentality of an adolescent and become â€Å"phonie.† â€Å"Somebody’d written â€Å"**** ***† on the wall. It drove me damn near crazy, I thought how Phoebe and all other little kids would see it, and how they’d wonder what the hell that meant, and then finally some dirty kids would tell them.† (Salinger 201) What ironic is, that even though he doens’t want the kids to know any profanity, he always swears, even when he is around Pheobe. The third thing is that he keeps talking about his borther Allie, his baseball glove, and his death. Holden has a really hard time dealing with the death of Allie. Reason being that he does not like to see a child lose his/her innocence. He hates the fact that innocence was lost, and he could not save it, because he is not the catcher in the rye. The glove is the only memory of Allie and his innocence. Another thing that pained him is that his brother did not lose his innocence from adulthood, but from life and his death. â€Å"He got leukaemian and died when we up in Maine, on July 18, 1946. You’ve liked him. He was two years younger than I was, but he was fifty times intelligent.† (Salinger 38) In conclusion, Holden’s fascination with children exceeds everything, even the respect for his parents. Children in a way do have an innocent aspect. Holden’s perception of innocence made the book very intriguing, because no one knos what he is going to do or say next. It is almost like he has a double personality, sometimes he is cruel to people and criticise them, and sometimes he is caring and looked everything in a nice way, especially  children.

Essay about Equality in The Workplace Dream or Reality

Women have fought to be treated fairly and should have the same pay as men. Men still have better jobs and receive better pay than women (Cotter, Hermsen and Vanneman). The fight for economic equality has slowed, but it is still necessary in society (Obama). The role of women in society has changed drastically. Women no long have to stay at home and take care of their children. There is now a need for women to work in order to provide for their family. Women continue to dream of a life filled with economic and politically equality. If they continue to work for this dream, it can become a reality. They can break through the stereotypical glass ceiling, â€Å"a term coined by The Wall Street Journal in the mid-1980s to describe an†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The US ranks 27th among the world’s developed countries in terms of women’s economic achievement,† this shows how naà ¯ve the United States continues to be (Lee and Wagner). They would be hig her up if they faced the truth that there is economic inequality in the United States instead of thinking that it has been fixed already. However, it is true that the pay gap has improved it hasn’t been completely closed up. In 1963, â€Å"women earned 59 cents for every dollar earned by men† (Obama). In 2010 Boston Fox News stated that, â€Å"women [earn] 81 cents for every dollar earned by men† (Stephanos). Women’s salaries not only suffer due to their gender, but also because of their race. Women have to fight for gender equality and for racial equality because they both affect their work lives. â€Å"White women earned 79% as much as their male counterparts in 2009, while Asian women earned 82% as much† (Statistics). This is one of the reasons why having pay equality is sometimes known as a dream. Fighting through these obstacles is one of the reasons why walking the path of equality is a long and difficult road that many leave for an ea sier road of complacency. 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It comes down to moneyRead MoreThe American Dream : The Reality Of America860 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica throughout time has been known as a country for opportunity and freedom, where anyone can come and have a fair chance at living their â€Å"American Dream.† The stereotypical American dream is having a two parent family, with stable income, owning a home with a white picket fence with two children. But the reality of America is that this â€Å"dream† is achieved more easily by white men. Even though America is supposedly â€Å"The land of the free† and provides â€Å"Liberty and Justice for all†, these statementsRead MoreWomen s Rights Duri ng The 1848 Seneca Falls Declaration And The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire945 Words   |  4 PagesThe women of America have struggled to gain the same equality as men. 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While the Declaration of Independence states that â€Å"all men are created equal,† even after the civil war people of color still receivedRead MoreAnalysis Of I Have A Dream Speech937 Words   |  4 Pagesjust being happy. Martin Luther King Jr. had hope, he had hope for equality and for everyone to be treated equal. In MLK’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech this is the most uplifting segment of it. King knows that his audience has suffered from injustice, so they must have faith that things will soon change. King also stresses in the speech about non-violent resistance, African American equality, action is necessary for change and gender equality in today’s society. However, the African American community knewRead MoreEssay on Diversity: The Ethical Choice1410 Words   |  6 Pageschanges in the world† (St. John de Crà ¨vecoeur, 1782). 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A Report On Economic Growth - 2284 Words

â€Å"Economic Growth Starting to Pick Up Pace† – Perth Now The article summarises the economic situation in the post mining investment boom period in Australia, touching on several macroeconomics including but not limited to economic growth, unemployment, GDP, fiscal and monetary policies. Essentially, economic growth is the increase in a country’s standard of living or its capacity to increase production of goods and services over time (Howitt and Weil 2008; Saymeh 2013, 341). Economic growth is an overarching concept that takes into account GDP growth, unemployment rate, productivity, etc. that eventually affect the nation’s living standard. Mining investment boom in Australia The most recent and largest mining investment boom in Australia†¦show more content†¦The post mining investment boom indicates that the industry’s investment pipeline is slowing as existing projects are completed, and the industry shifts focus to production (Finch 2014). Consequently, there is â€Å"a big fall in private investment† as depicted in the article (Cadden 2014). Complications of post mining boom Despite that positive contributions to economic growth from household consumption and government spending are offset by the major cutback in mining capex (Cadden 2014), the export volumes grew by 2.1% in the latter quarters of 2013 due to the expanded capacity from previous investment (Viola 2014). In this case, companies in supporting the operational phase of mining industry, strong trade-exposed industries, as well as export and import industries will benefit from this major shift of focus. Using the National Income Identity: GDP = consumption + investment (private) + government spending + (exports – imports) Y = C0+c(Y-T)- I + G + NX (1) Y = f (C, I, G, NX) C = f (Y, T) , I = f (Y, r) , NX = f (Y, Ã"‘) (+, -) (+,-) (+, -) Where: Y = Income / output / expenditure / GDP C = Household consumption expenditure T = Taxes paid by household I = Private investment expenditure r = Real rate of interest G = Government / public spending/investment expenditure NX = Net exports (exports – imports) Ã"‘ = real rate of exchange With the slowdown in mining investment (private) offset by the upsurge in

Social Media and Network Technology Free Essays

Colleges will need to embrace these new communities in order to keep up with recruitment of the younger generations, student to student interaction, student to professor interaction. Backbone and Linked are some of the internet communities that we will need to embrace to encourage our recruitment and student interaction. Backbone has been around since 2004 and is still growing in popularity. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media and Network Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Backbone gives you the availability to send an instant message, an email, post discussions, provide media, and provide detail information. Colleges that have a Backbone page and interact with Backbone has the ability to recruit sophomores and Juniors in high schools not only in the surrounding areas but relied. This ability provides an advantage to have a more diverse student body. For young college students Backbone is a mean they utilize to communicate with other students about the activities going on in the campus. They also use this communication tool to converse about class assignments, organization functions, sports, and daily activities. Students who do not live on campus, Backbone allows them to still experience college life and the inclusion of student activities. College professors can also utilize this communication tool to correspond and interact with al students, including students who participate at satellite campuses. The surrounding community will also have the availability to interact with the students because they will be able to show the students the history of the area, and support the college with financial scholarships and the sports arenas. Most of the surrounding community makes up the professors, educators, the educator families and friends. Professors will have the accessibility to be active not only with the students but with the students families as well. As a parent of a college student, I enjoy being able to see what the students are doing, what classes are troublesome, the activities the students are participating in, and when parents can interact with the student at school. The disadvantages of Backbone include accessibility, lack of personable interaction, lack of social interaction, non-clarifying answers, misunderstandings of context of messages and pictures, invasion of privacy, and possible compromise of security information. Yet, these disadvantages can be kept down to a minimum by the college handbook and the student conduct codes by the dents themselves. Most college’s network security will keep secure information safe from any breaches or hacking. Linked will be very beneficial for our graduating students, faculty and local business. This social network will allow for the local and national business to see the types of students we are producing in the workforce. Linked will allow the students to make contacts with others in the corporate field of their choice and possibly encourage the company to reach an agreement with the college on training of their current staff. Our faculty will be able o utilize this social network by seeing what the other colleges are teaching and producing in the coming work force and learn what skills the companies are looking for, and provide those skills to our students. The only down side to Linked will be headhunters from other colleges recruiting our faculty to come and work for them. But we can counter offer our faculty, pay retainer fees, and sign binding contracts with the faculty to keep them from leaving our facility. We will be using the waterfall model for the implementation of a Backbone page and Linked page. The system velveteen life cycle for this process we will need to make sure that all students will have access to the college Wi-If on campus, which we currently have in place all over the campus. Our second phase will include making sure that students and faculty will have accessibility to a computer, which currently we already have in place in the library and common areas. Our third phase of the process will require the college to set up a Backbone and Linked account and have our IT department to maintain the accounts. Fourth phase of the process will require the college to get the rod out to the students about both pages on the internet and require all of our faculty to friend us on each site. The final phase will be having our IT department to hire someone to maintain both pages for content on the page, the context of the messages on the page and be a monitor for any violation of student conduct codes. The only disadvantage for using these websites, we will not be able to modify the systems. The advantages outweigh the disadvantage immensely because startup cost will be at a bare minimum, and we will still be able to get an idea of how many of our dents are using to communicate with one another by the amount of friend request we receive and the amount of conversation context on the page. How to cite Social Media and Network Technology, Papers

National Proceedings Academy Of Sciences -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The National Proceedings Academy Of Sciences? Answer: Introduction Most info is existing regarding how older adults contrast and compare to younger ones on a range of, clinical, biomedical, cognitive, neuropsychological, personality, health, social and personality. Nevertheless, the fact is that that comparatively little is known regarding whether and how process denoted by the indicators of the cognitive, biological biomedical, neuropsychological, clinical, lifestyle, social, health, and physiological and personality really alter across adulthood. Over twenty years later, VLS has dramatically grown in the recent past. Subsequently, it has turned into a dynamic project with novel participants, measures, collaborators alongside research ideas being added. The recent batter of tools and test denotes the aim of further comprehending interrelated human aging aspects. The VLS biological makers stood originally installed in 1990s, and have hence grown relevance, prominence and interactive since 1990s. The risk and health indicators of VLS remain detailed and pertinent to the neurocognitive aging. Objectives (Aims) The study is designed to examine the patterns, profile, modifiers (predictors) of aging-linked to brain as well as cognitive alterations. The basic study issues remained both descriptive: what alterations really take place with aging? What is the direction and magnitude of such alterations? And explanatory: What interactions or factors modify or predict such alterations? What is accounting for individual difference in level, outcome or rate? Thus, the study aimed at examining such features frequently over multiple longitudinal waves capturing a forty-year aging band. The VLS cognitive measures entail several memory indicators, neurocognitive resources and processes, cognitive health and resilience alongside compensatory/adaptive mechanisms. Further, VLS has a vast range of measures of associated constructs like medication alongside disease info, health reports and beliefs, physiological capacities, health risks, personality, sensory status, affect, lifestyle, activities, neuropsychological indicators alongside metacognitive beliefs and knowledge (Sullivan Pfefferbaum, 2006). Population The VLS initially focused on the examination of the profiles alongside predictors of the cognitive alterations in comparatively healthy, community-dwelling middle-aged alongside older adults. The population has been extended recently to include large alongside targeted comparison cohorts entailing, for example, young, middle-aged, Alzheimers who have been recruited as well as inspired by VLS. Sampling Strategy The study follows a Longitudinal Sequential design with the first sample starting in 1980s and 2nd independent sample commencing in 1990s and the last sample starting in early 2000s. The participants are recruited based on stratified sampling strategy and the simple random sample is obtained to find stratum to enable comparison (Landis et al., 2004). Data Collection Methods and Years The study started in late 1980s initially aimed at examining predictors and profiles of cognitive changes. Stud design used a series of 3 large samples of adults. The sample originally ranged from age 55 to 85 years. These people were to be interviewed as well as tested over an extended period of time. The original blueprint called for 3 VLS samples to commence in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s and to be subsequently followed for six to eight waves of measurements. The summary of data collection and respective years is given below: References Landis, G. N., Abdueva, D., Skvortsov, D., Yang, J., Rabin, B. E., Carrick, J., ... Tower, J. (2004). Similar gene expression patterns characterize aging and oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,101(20), 7663-7668. Sullivan, E. V., Pfefferbaum, A. (2006). Diffusion tensor imaging and aging.Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews,30(6), 749-761.